Defining the Statistical Terms for Identifying Truth in Science
My purpose and mission in life is to find and promote the Truth in Science.
Pagano, R.R. (2010). Understanding Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Every experiment exists to give the null hypothesis a chance to be rejected. (Understanding Statistics, p. 285.)
This is the KEY to separating the truths from the falsehoods in every Science.
The whole purpose of a science experiment is to falsify, reject, and eliminate anything and everything that is produced by chance alone. The whole purpose of a science experiment is to falsify, reject, and eliminate the Null Hypothesis, Chance Causality, Creation by Chance, Creation by Random Disorder, or Chance Causation. The whole purpose of a science experiment is to falsify, reject, and eliminate Materialism, Naturalism, Darwinism, Nihilism, Atheism, Behaviorism, Determinism, Atomism, Physicalism, Creation by Chance, Creation Ex Nihilo, Creation by Random Disorder, Creation by Entropy, Chemical Evolution, Abiogenesis, Spontaneous Generation, Macro-Evolution, Creation by Death or Natural Selection, the Theory of Evolution, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and everything else that is produced by chance alone. These things are automatically FALSE because by definition they were produced by chance alone. They ARE the Null Hypothesis because they are “caused” by chance alone. Everything that is produced by chance alone goes into the garbage can where it belongs. That’s how Science and Science Experiments work, or at least that’s how they are supposed to work.
This is the KEY to separating the truths from the falsehoods in Science.
The primary axiom of Science, Statistics, the Scientific Method, and Science Experiments is that chance cannot do causation. Chance and causation are mutually exclusive. If chance is causing something to happen, then it is no longer chance but some type of intelligent and deliberate causation or choice instead.
Remember, chance cannot do design, creation, causation, nor choice. Once it starts doing so, then it is no longer chance!
In contrast, psyche, choice, quantum consciousness, life force, or intelligence can do design and creation at will. Psyche or intelligence has been caught in the act of doing design, creation, choice, and causation. Psyche, intelligence, quantum life force, quantum consciousness, choice, and causation are synonymous. ONLY psyche can do choice or causation at every level of existence. ONLY psyche can make, transmit, receive, process, and store quantum waves or quantum information. This is obviously true where the quantum non-local non-physical realm is concerned, but it applies just as much at the physical level too.
“Creation by Chance” or “Chance Causation” or “Chance Causality” ARE the Null Hypothesis. They are all produced by chance alone. They are by definition the absence of causation. The whole purpose of a science experiment is to falsify, reject, and eliminate the Null Hypothesis or anything that is produced by chance alone. That’s how we separate the truths from the lies in Science, Statistics, the Scientific Methods, and Science Experiments. This is the KEY to everything! This is our litmus test! If science or theory is Creation by Chance or Chance Causation or Chance Causality or Produced by Chance Alone or the Null Hypothesis, then it is automatically FALSE because chance cannot do design, creation, choice, nor causation.
Intelligent psyches at the quantum level can do anything they set their mind to. They have NO physical limitations. They work and control the energy or the quantum waves at will. Nature’s Psyche made and controls the Quantum Fields. This is what has been experienced and observed by out-of-body explorers and near-death experiencers. ONLY psyche, or intelligence, or quantum consciousness can do choice and causation at any level of existence and reality.
By definition, chance cannot do causation because it has NO intelligence, NO mind, and NO purpose or end-goal in mind. Chance is what we are left with when there is no causation. Chance and causation are mutually exclusive. They falsify each other. Chance cannot do causation.
Alternative Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis
Let’s explore the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis in greater depth to see what else we can learn.
Pagano, R.R. (2010). Understanding Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
In any experiment, there are two hypotheses that compete for explaining the results: the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is the one that claims the difference in results between conditions is due to the independent variable. (Understanding Statistics, p. 242.)
In other words, if we are able to accept the Alternative Hypothesis, then we conclude that manipulating the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change. We conclude a causal relationship between the two variables because chance cannot do causation. By eliminating chance as our only explanation, we establish some type of causation instead, because chance and causation are mutually exclusive. They falsify each other. The presence of one precludes or eliminates the presence of the other. This is the KEY to separating the truths and the falsehoods in Science.
This is obviously true, because it is the basis of every science experiment that we do. We establish causation and find the True Cause of an event by eliminating everything that was produced by chance alone. Chance cannot do causation, creation, nor choice. Once it starts doing so, then it is no longer chance, but has become some type of causation or choice instead. This is the KEY to separating the truths and the falsehoods in Science. This is the pinnacle of the Philosophy of Science. This is our litmus test. This is powerful Science, Statistics, Logic, and Philosophy. This is cool stuff, but only if you are actually willing and able to falsify and eliminate the things that are the Null Hypothesis and produced by chance alone. If you are unwilling to falsify, reject, and eliminate Creation by Chance, then you really are not doing science and are not ready to do science.
Null Hypothesis (H0)
The null hypothesis is set up to be the logical counterpart of the alternative hypothesis such that if the null hypothesis is false, the alternative hypothesis must be true. Therefore, these two hypotheses must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
If the alternative hypothesis is nondirectional, it specifies that the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable. For a nondirectional alternative hypothesis, the null hypothesis asserts that the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable.
If the null hypothesis is false, then the alternative hypothesis must be true. As you will see, we always first evaluate the null hypothesis and try to show that it is false. If we can show it to be false, then the alternative hypothesis must be true. (Understanding Statistics, p. 242.)
Chance and causation must be mutually exclusive in order for these two hypotheses to work and make any sense. If we are confusing chance with causation, then this whole science experiment will fail, and we will go nowhere.
For thousands of years, the Materialists, Naturalists, Darwinists, Nihilists, and Atheists have gone NOWHERE in science because they have erroneously confused chance with causation. These people have erroneously made CHANCE the cause of everything that exists in our universe. Garbage in. Garbage out. That’s what these people are all about. They are trying to trick us and deceive us, and it works because we don’t understand what they are doing and how they are doing it. In contrast, once you understand that chance cannot do causation, then you will no longer be a victim of their deceptions and their lies – except they will fire you if you start teaching the truth in any of their classrooms or public schools. They can’t have that, but they can’t stop you from finding and knowing the truth in private at home.
If the data from our science experiment are showing that “chance alone” or “chance causation” are not at work, then the Null Hypothesis or Creation by Chance is false, and then some type of Causation or our Alternative Hypothesis must be working instead. If we falsify, reject, and eliminate the Null Hypothesis or Creation by Chance or anything that is produced by chance alone, then we have established that there must be some type of causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable and that the Alternative Hypothesis must be true.
The Alternative Hypothesis is true in that we have successfully identified some type of causation or choice at work in the system; however, that doesn’t mean that our personal interpretation of the meaning of the Alternative Hypothesis is true. The fundamental flaw of the Scientific Method is the affirming the consequent logic fallacy. The fatal flaw of the Scientific Method takes place in the fourth and final step of the process when we are interpreting the data and applying our own personal interpretations to the data. This is where we fail. According to the Philosophy of Science, thanks to the affirming the consequent or the jumping to conclusions logic fallacy, there are theoretically an infinite number of different conflicting and mutually exclusive interpretations that we can give to each piece of scientific data or scientific evidence. They can’t all be right. Most of them are false.
This is a KEY aspect of the Philosophy of Science that must be understood and accepted. Just because we have accepted the Alternative Hypothesis and established some type of causality, that doesn’t mean that we guessed correctly as to who the True Cause was. The True Cause could be anything, except for chance. Often there is a causal chain involved and it can be impossible to determine the “chain of cause and effect” from beginning to end. The Ultimate Cause is always some type of intelligence, psyche, or quantum consciousness because Psyche is the only thing that can do true choice or true causality at every level of existence and reality. However, once the ball gets rolling, lots of things can happen between start and finish.
In a True Science Experiment, it is always some type of Psyche or Intelligence who designs and runs the science experiment, manipulates the independent variable, measures its effect on the dependent variable, and then tries to figure out what it all means by doing statistical analysis on the data from the science experiment. Without Psyche or Intelligence, there is NO science experiment. Psyche is the Ultimate Cause of everything that exists and everything that is done or caused or chosen into existence within this universe at all levels of existence and reality. This is a Psyche Ontology wherein Psyche is the fundamental unit of reality and existence. This is the Ultimate Model of Reality.
Decision Rule (Alpha Level)
We always evaluate the results of an experiment by assessing the null hypothesis.
The reason we directly assess the null hypothesis instead of the alternative hypothesis is that we can calculate the probability of chance events, but there is no way to calculate the probability of the alternative hypothesis.
We evaluate the null hypothesis by assuming it is true and testing the reasonableness of this assumption by calculating the probability of getting the results if chance alone is operating.
If the obtained probability turns out to be equal to or less than a critical probability level called the alpha (a) level, we reject the null hypothesis. Rejecting the null hypothesis allows us, then, to accept indirectly the alternative hypothesis because, if the experiment is done properly, it is the only other possible explanation. When we reject the null hypothesis, we say the results are significant or reliable.
If the obtained probability is greater than the alpha level, we conclude by failing to reject the null hypothesis H0. Since the experiment does not allow rejection of the null hypothesis, we retain H0 as a reasonable explanation of the data. Throughout the text, we shall use the expressions “failure to reject H0” and “retain H0” interchangeably. When we retain the null hypothesis, we say the results are not significant or reliable. Of course, when the results are not significant, we cannot accept the alternative hypothesis. (Understanding Statistics, pp. 242-243.)
Chance cannot produce statistically significant or statistically reliable results! Chance cannot produce a Real Effect.
If the results of our science experiment are not statistically significant, then we cannot accept causation; and, we end our science experiment by concluding that our independent variable has NO EFFECT on our dependent variable. If the Null Hypothesis is true and we retain the Null Hypothesis, then we have failed to establish causation, and therefore, we cannot accept our Alternative Hypothesis.
By definition, the Null Hypothesis is produced by chance alone. There is NO causation if the Null Hypothesis is true. If the Null Hypothesis is true, then our independent variable had NO EFFECT on our dependent variable, because chance of any kind cannot produce a Real Effect.
Rejection of the Null Hypothesis or Creation by Chance is our litmus test. This is how we differentiate between what is true and what is false when it comes to Science and Statistics and Science Experiments. Chance Causation or Creation by Chance are statistically impossible and statistically unreliable. Chance cannot do choice or causation.
We can calculate the probability of chance events.
The reason that we assess the Null Hypothesis is because we can calculate the probability of chance events and falsify chance events, because in principle chance cannot do causation. WE KNOW that chance and causation are mutually exclusive. They falsify each other. They preclude each other. Once chance starts to do something, then it is no longer chance, but has become some type of choice or causation instead.
Remember, chance cannot produce a Real Effect. Chance is not reliable. The results of chance are not statistically significant, because chance cannot be the true cause of anything. We verify our theories by rejecting chance as their only cause or their only explanation. We automatically falsify our theories, when chance is their only cause or only explanation.
If chance alone is operating, then WE KNOW that there is no causation within the system or the event that is being examined. Chance cannot do causation. Chance and causation are mutually exclusive. The Null Hypothesis is produced by chance alone. Materialism, Naturalism, Darwinism, Nihilism, Atheism, Behaviorism, Determinism, Physicalism, Mechanism, the Theory of Evolution, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics ARE the Null Hypothesis because by definition they were produced by chance alone. They are automatically FALSE because they are Produced by Chance, Caused by Chance, or Creation by Chance. By definition, in principle or practice, Chance cannot do causation.
THIS!
If the null hypothesis is false, then chance does not account for the results. Strictly speaking, this means that something systematic differs between the two groups. Ideally, the only systematic difference is due to the independent variable. Thus, we say that if the null hypothesis is false, the alternative hypothesis must be true. Practically speaking, however, the reader should be aware that it is hard to do the perfect experiment. Consequently, in addition to the alternative hypothesis, there are often additional possible explanations of the systematic difference. Therefore, when we say, “we accept the alternative hypothesis H1,” you should be aware that there may be additional explanations of the systematic difference. (Understanding Statistics, p. 265.)
This is where the Materialists, Naturalists, Darwinists, and Atheists FAIL. Just because they have established some type of causation within their science experiments, they erroneously jump to the conclusion that their personal interpretation or alternative hypothesis is automatically true. They jump to the conclusion that chance produced everything that they see around them, including the results of their science experiment. They jump to the conclusion that evolution or entropy or chance is the ONLY possible explanation for the scientific evidence that they are examining. Consequently, they provide a false interpretation to every science experiment that they conduct, and they get it wrong every time.
Even though the Naturalists and Darwinists have established causation through their science experiment, their Alternative Hypothesis is still false, because their Alternative Hypothesis is always defined as Creation by Chance or Causation by Chance which is a self-defeating and self-falsifying oxymoron or a contradiction in terms. Chance cannot do causation. Chance cannot produce a Real Effect. These people FAIL to get a true interpretation of their scientific evidence because they start with a FALSE Philosophy of Science or Interpretation of Science as their basis or foundation for interpreting science. These people make Creation by Chance or Causation by Chance their ONLY interpretation of science or philosophy of science. These people literally use CHANCE or RANDOM DISORDER as both their independent variable and their dependent variable. This is a logic fallacy that is called circular reasoning, and it is one of the many different logic fallacies upon which the Theory of Evolution and the Second Law of Thermodynamics are based.
It’s impossible to manipulate or vary the amount of chance or disorder in our independent variable in order to measure or determine the amount of disorder or chance that it produces in our dependent variable. Chance and random disorder cannot be used as our independent variable and our dependent variable in Science Experiments, as the Naturalists and Darwinists try to do. Chance or random disorder cannot be used as our Alternative Hypothesis or our scientific explanation as the Materialists, Naturalists, Darwinists, and Atheists do.
In the end, we only regret the chance that we didn’t take.
Chance doesn’t do anything unless there is Someone Psyche who is willing to take a chance and run a science experiment in order to figure out how things really work. Science experiments don’t run by chance alone. Chance of any kind requires an intelligent assist or an intelligent set-up in order to get going in the first place. Games of chance don’t run themselves, contrary to what the Materialists, Naturalists, and Darwinists have chosen to believe.
Someone Psyche or Someone Intelligent has to be there to design the experiment, run the experiment, manipulate the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, record the results, analyze the data, and decide what it all means. Chance requires an intelligent assist or an intelligent setup, or it doesn’t do anything. When tossing coins in a game of chance, Someone Psyche or Someone Intelligent has to make the coins, toss the coins, and count the number of heads and tails. If there is nobody there to make the coins, toss the coins, count the result, and record the result, then chance doesn’t do anything, and chance doesn’t work. Chance doesn’t run itself because chance cannot do causation.
Likewise, just because we have established some type of causality through a science experiment, that doesn’t mean that we have found the True Cause of the event. Yes, we have accepted the Alternative Hypothesis, but that doesn’t mean that our personal interpretation or personal definition of the Alternative Hypothesis is true. For every piece of scientific data or scientific evidence that is developed or demonstrated, there are literally an infinite number of different, conflicting, mutually exclusive personal interpretations – of the meaning, purpose, cause, source, and definition of that Alternative Hypothesis or scientific data – that can be produced.
There is NO limit to the number of false interpretations that can be given to an Alternative Hypothesis or to any piece of scientific evidence or scientific data. We just know that Creation by Chance or Chance Causality is an automatically FALSE personal interpretation of scientific data or scientific evidence that is used all the time by the Materialists, Naturalists, Darwinists, Behaviorists, Determinists, Physicalists, Mechanists, Nihilists, and Atheists. These people have chance designing and creating everything that exists in our universe, including science experiments. These people reject intelligent causation or choice – the ONLY true source of causation. These people reject causation. These people DENY the existence of causation or choice. These people have chosen to believe that everything is determined by chance alone. They are wrong.
Their philosophies of science or interpretations of science are inconsistent, self-defeating, and self-falsifying.
We have discovered a very powerful test for truth claims here. WE KNOW that Materialism, Naturalism, Darwinism, Behaviorism, Determinism, Nihilism, Atheism, the Theory of Evolution, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics ARE automatically false because by definition they each are produced by chance alone. These falsified philosophies of science are Bad Science because they are Creation by Chance, Causation by Chance, or Produced by Chance Alone.
Are you feeling the excitement?
Are you seeing the light?
A whole host of falsehoods, deceptions, and lies are immediately eliminated from Science the very moment that we realize that chance cannot do causation! Instantly, we automatically KNOW what is true and what is false. It’s clear and obvious.
Separating chance from causation is how we separate error from truth in Science and through Science. Chance cannot do causation. Chance and causation are mutually exclusive. They falsify each other. Once chance starts to do something, then it is no longer chance but has become some type of causation or choice instead.
Observe that by axiom or by decree the Materialists, Naturalists, Darwinists, Behaviorists, and Atheists DENY the existence of causation. They DENY the existence of psyche, intelligence, or choice. These people have concluded that everything in this universe was produced by chance alone. They have decided that there is no such thing as choice or causation. They are obviously wrong, but that doesn’t change what they have chosen to believe on blind faith alone. These people have chosen to believe that chance can design and create anything at will. These people are confused and don’t know how things really work in this multidimensional universe. They won’t change their beliefs until they understand why they are wrong. Even then, some of them still won’t change their beliefs because the prefer the falsehoods and lies instead.
Remember, Creation by Chance or the Null Hypothesis is always FALSE because chance cannot do causation. This is the primary axiom of Science, Statistics, the Scientific Method, and Science Experiments.
This is the pinnacle of the Philosophy of Science. It tells us how to differentiate between what is true and what is false. The purpose of a science experiment is to reject the Null Hypothesis, Chance Causation, Creation by Chance, or anything that was produced by chance alone. The purpose of a science experiment is to find or identify the True Cause of an event, and chance can never be it, because chance cannot do choice, creation, design, nor causation. This is the KEY to Science, Science Experiments, Philosophy, Logic, and Statistics. Chance cannot do causation. Once it starts doing causation, then it is no longer chance. Chance and causation are mutually exclusive. They falsify each other.
That makes every type of Creation by Chance or Chance Causation automatically FALSE, starting with Materialism, Naturalism, Darwinism, Nihilism, Atheism, Behaviorism, Determinism, Physicalism, Mechanism, Chemical Evolution, Abiogenesis, Spontaneous Generation, Macro-Evolution, the Theory of Evolution, Creation Ex Nihilo, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Creation by Chance or Creation Ex Nihilo has NEVER been experienced NOR observed, because chance cannot do choice nor creation nor causation.
Truth and lies are mutually exclusive. The false is falsified by the truth, and the truth that remains consists of the things that are constantly and repeatedly being experienced and observed by someone, sometime, somewhere.
Mark My Words
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